Table Of Contents
The book will be structured around the four key financial issues facing management: - In what projects are we going to invest our shareholders money (capex)?
- How do we create and measure shareholder value creation?
- What type of finance should we raise?
- How do we manage financial risk?
Contents Introduction - Overview of the book
- Enthusiasm for financial knowledge
- The four key issues
- Outline
Chapter 1. What are we aiming at? - The objective of the firm
- Variety of objectives: those admitted to (and those kept quiet)
- Why should we aim for shareholder wealth?
- What is shareholder wealth?
- Profit maximisation is not the same as shareholder wealth maximisation
- Getting manager¿s objectives aligned with shareholder¿s objectives
PART 1 ¿ WHAT INVESTMENTS SHOULD WE MAKE? Chapter 2. State-of-the-art project assessment techniques - How do you know whether an investment generates value for shareholders?
- Time is money
- Discounted cash flow
- State-of-the-art technique 1: net present value
- State-of-the-art technique 2: internal rate of return
- So which is better: NPV or IRR?
Appendix 2.1 Mathematical tools for finance Simple and compound interest Present value Determining the interest rate The investment period Annuities Perpetuities Chapter 3. Traditional appraisal techniques - What businesses actually use
- Payback
- Accounting rate of return
- Why internal rate of return is still popular
Chapter 4. Investment decision-making in real organisations - The managerial art of investment selection
- Stifling the entrepreneurial spirit
- The stages of investment decisions
- Generation of ideas
- Development and classification
- Screening
- Appraisal
- Report and authorisation
- Implementation
- Post completion audit
Chapter 5. Allowing for risk - What is risk?
- Adjusting for risk through the discount rate
- Sensitivity analysis
- Scenario analysis
- Probability analysis
- Standard deviation
- What risk techniques do managers actually use?
PART 2 SHAREHOLDER VALUE Chapter 6. Value managed companies versus earnings managed companies - The pervasiveness of the value approach
- Case studies: FT100 companies creating value and destroying value
- Why shareholder value?
- Earnings-based management¿s failings:
- Dicey accounting
- Throwing money in
- Ignoring the time value of money
- Ignoring risk
- ROCE has limitations
- Focusing on earnings is not the same as value
- How a business creates value
- The five actions to create value
Chapter 7. Strategic position - Strategic business unit management
- Do we have any strong business franchises?
- Industry attractiveness
- The strength of our resources
- The TRRACK system
- The life cycle of value potential
- Strategic choice
- What use is the head office?
Chapter 8. Value creation within strategic business units - Using cash flow to measure value
- Shareholder value analysis
- Economic profit
- Economic value added (EVA)
Chapter 9. Value measures for the entire firm - Total shareholder return
- Wealth added index
- Market value index
- Market to book ratio
Chapter 10. What is the company¿s cost of capital? - The required rate of return
- The cost of equity capital
- The capital asset pricing model
- Gordon growth model
- The cost of retained earnings
- Debt capital
- Preference shares
- The weighted average cost of capital, WACC
- What the WACC tells you
- Applying WACC to strategic business units and projects
- What do managers actually do?
- Implementation issues
- How large is the equity premium?
- Which risk free rate?
- How reliable are the CAPM and beta?
- Fundamental beta
Chapter 11. Mergers: impulse, regret and success - The merger decision
- You say merger, I say acquisition
- Types of merger
- Merger statistics
- What drives firms to merge?
- Synergy
- Market power
- Economies of scale
- Internalisation of transactions
- Entering new markets and industries
- Tax
- Risk diversification
- Bargain buying
- Inefficient management
- Managerial benefits
- Hubris
- Survival
- Free cash flow
- Third party motives
- Do the shareholders of acquiring firms gain from mergers?
- Managing mergers
- The three stages of a merger
- Problem areas in merger management
- Why do mergers fail to generate value for acquiring shareholders?
Chapter 12. The merger process - The City code on takeovers and mergers
- Action before the bid
- The bid
- After the bid
- Defence tactics
- Paying for the targets shares: cash or shares?
Chapter 13. Valuing companies - The two skills
- Valuation using net asset value
- Dividend valuation methods
- How do you estimate future growth?
- Price-earnings ratio methods
- Valuation using cash flow
- Owner earnings method
- Valuing unquoted shares
- Unusual companies
- Managerial control changes the valuation
Chapter 14. What pay-outs should we make to shareholders? The other extreme Some muddying factors - Clientele effects
- Taxation
- Information conveyance
- Agency effects
Scrip dividends Share buy-backs and special dividends A round up of the arguments PART 3 ¿ FINANCE RAISING Chapter 15. Debt finance available to firms of all sizes- Bank finance
- Attractive features
- Overdraft
- Term loans
- Factors for a firm to consider
- Cost
- Security
- Repayment terms
- Trade credit
- Factoring
- Hire purchase
- Leasing
- Sale and leaseback
Chapter 16. Debt finance from the financial markets - Bonds
- Syndicated loans
- Credit ratings
- Mezzanine debt and high yield debt
- Convertible bonds
- International sources of debt finance
- Foreign bonds
- Eurobonds
- Commercial paper
- Project finance
- Securitisation
Chapter 17. Raising equity finance - To float or not to float?
- Equity capital¿s advantage over debt
- Floating on the Official List
- What manager need to consider:
- Prospectus
- Conditions imposed and new responsibilities
- You might be rejected as unsuitable
- Hiring a sponsor
- Paying underwriters
- Hiring a broker
- Accountants and solicitors rub their hands in glee
- Registrars
- Continuing obligations after floatation
- Methods of issue
- Timetable of a new offer
- How does flotation on AIM differ
- How much does it cost?
- Rights issues
- Placings and open offers
- Scrip issue
- Business angels
- Venture capital
- What returns do venture capitalists expect?
- What types of business are they interested in?
- What rates of return do they look for?
- What rates of return do they achieve?
- Structuring a VC deal
- Exits
- Power over managers
- What else do they bring to the party?
PART 4 ¿ MANAGING RISK Chapter 18. The financial risks managers have to deal with - The value of reducing the impact of adverse events
- Financial planning
- Reducing fear of financial distress
- Some risks are not rewarded
- Business risk
- Insurable risk
- Currency risk
- Interest rate risk
- Risk in the financial structure
- Is it better to borrow long or short?
- To match or not to match?
- Currency of borrowing
- Fixed or floating?
- Retained earnings as financing option
- The dangers of gearing
Chapter 19. Options - An intuitive understanding
- Share options
- Corporate uses of options
- Real options
Chapter 20. Using derivatives to manage risk - Forwards
- Futures
- Marking to market and margins
- Settlement
- Managing interest rate risk with futures
- Forward rate agreements
- Caps, collars and floors
- Swaps for long term hedging
Chapter 21. Managing exchange rate risk - The impact of currency rate changes on the firm
- Volatility in foreign exchange
- The currency markets
- Understanding the exchange rate tables in the FT
- Covering in the forward market
- Types of foreign exchange risk
- Managing risk
- Invoicing in the home currency
- Do nothing
- Netting
- Matching
- Leading and lagging
- Hedging strategies
- Forward market hedge
- Money market hedge
- Futures market hedge
- Options hedge
- Managing translation risk
- Managing economic risk
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